The Environmental Costs of Cotton

Whether we wear cotton shirts or sleep in cotton sheets, chances are that on any given day, we utilize cotton in some way. Yet few of us know how it is grown or its environmental impact. Where Is Cotton Grown? Cotton is a fiber grown on a plant of the Gossypium genus, which, once harvested, can be cleaned and spun into the fabric we know and love. Needing sunshine, abundant water, and relatively frost-free winters, cotton is grown in a surprising variety of locations with diverse climates, including  Australia, Argentina, West Africa, and Uzbekistan. However, the largest producers of cotton are China, India, and the United States. Both Asian countries produce the highest quantities, mostly for their domestic markets, and the U.S. is the largest exporter of cotton with about 10 million bales each year. In the United States, cotton production is mostly concentrated in an area called the Cotton Belt, stretching from the lower Mississippi River through an arc spanning the lowlands of Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. Irrigation allows additional acreage in the Texas Panhandle, southern Arizona, and California’s San Joaquin Valley. Is Cotton Bad for the Environment? Knowing where cotton comes from is only half the story. At a time when the general population is moving toward greener practices, the bigger question asks about the environmental cost of growing cotton. Chemical Warfare Globally, 35 million hectares of cotton are under cultivation. To control the numerous pests feeding on the cotton plant,  farmers have long relied on the heavy application of insecticides, which leads to the pollution of surface and groundwater. In developing countries, half of the pesticides used in all of agriculture are put toward cotton. Recent advancements in technology, including the ability to modify the cotton plant’s genetic material, have made cotton toxic to some of its common pests. Though this has reduced the use of insecticides, it hasnt eliminated the need. Farmworkers, particularly where the labor is less mechanized, continue to be exposed to harmful chemicals. Competing weeds are another threat to cotton production. Generally, a combination of tilling practices and herbicides are used to knock back weeds. A large number of farmers have adopted genetically modified cotton seeds that include a gene protecting it from the herbicide glyphosate (the active ingredient in Monsanto’s Roundup). That way, the fields can be sprayed with the herbicide when the plant is young, easily eliminating competition from weeds.  Naturally, glyphosate ends up in the environment, and our knowledge of its effects on soil health, aquatic life, and wildlife is far from complete. Another issue is the emergence of glyphosate-resistant weeds. This is an especially important concern for those farmers interested in following no-till practices, which normally help preserve the soil structure and reduce erosion. If glyphosate resistance doesnt work for controlling weeds, soil-damaging tilling practices may need to resume. Synthetic Fertilizers Conventionally grown cotton requires the heavy use of synthetic fertilizers. Unfortunately, such concentrated application means that much of the fertilizers end up in waterways, creating one of the worst nutrient-pollution problems globally, upending aquatic communities and leading to dead zones starved of oxygen and devoid of aquatic life. In addition, synthetic fertilizers contribute an important quantity of greenhouse gases during their production and use. Heavy Irrigation In many regions, rainfall is insufficient to grow cotton. However, the deficit can be made up by irrigating the fields with water from wells or nearby rivers. Wherever it comes from, the water withdrawals can be so massive that they diminish river flows significantly and deplete groundwater. Two-thirds of India’s cotton production is irrigated with groundwater, so you can imagine the damaging ramifications. In the United States, western cotton farmers rely on irrigation as well. Obviously, one could question the appropriateness of growing a non-food crop in arid portions of California and Arizona during the current multi-year drought. In the Texas Panhandle, cotton fields are irrigated by pumping water from the Ogallala Aquifer. Spanning eight states from South Dakota to Texas, this vast underground sea of ancient water is being drained for agriculture far faster than it can recharge. In northwest Texas, Ogallala groundwater levels have dropped over 8 feet between 2004 and 2014. Perhaps the most dramatic overuse of irrigation water is visible in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, where the Aral Sea declined in surface area by 85%. Livelihoods, wildlife habitats, and fish populations have been decimated. To make matters worse the now-dry salt and pesticide residues are blown away from the former fields and lake bed, negatively impacting the health of the 4 million people who live downwind through an increase in miscarriages and malformations. Another negative consequence of heavy irrigation is soil salination. When fields are repeatedly flooded with irrigation water, salt becomes concentrated near the surface. Plants can no longer grow on these soils and agriculture has to be abandoned. The former cotton fields of Uzbekistan have seen this issue on a large scale. Are There Environmentally Friendly Alternatives for Cotton Growth? To grow cotton in a more environmentally friendly way, the first step must be to reduce the use of dangerous  pesticides. This can be achieved through different means. Integrated Pest Management (IPM), for example, is an established, effective method of fighting pests which results in a net reduction of pesticides used. According to the World Wildlife Fund, using IPM decreased pesticide use for some of India’s cotton farmers by 60–80%.  Genetically modified cotton can also help reduce pesticide application, but with many caveats. Growing cotton in a  sustainable manner  also means planting it where rainfall is sufficient, avoiding irrigation altogether. In areas with marginal irrigation needs, drip irrigation offers important water savings. Finally, organic farming takes into consideration all aspects of cotton production, leading to reduced environmental impacts and better health outcomes for both farmworkers and the surrounding community.  A well-recognized organic certification program helps consumers make smart choices and protects them from greenwashing. One such third-party certification organization is  the Global Organic Textile Standards. Sources World Wildlife Fund. 2013. Cleaner, Greener Cotton: Impacts and Better Management Practices.

Problem Answers on Criminal Procedure and Evidence Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1849 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Case study Tags: Act Essay Criminal Law Essay Did you like this example? (i) In the rules of criminal procedure, a suspected person has no obligation to answer any questions because the burden of proof of a criminal case is at the prosecution side. Therefore Herman can exercise his right of silence which is protected under the Article 11(2)(g) of the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance (Cap. 383) and refuse to answer any question raised by any police officer. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Problem Answers on Criminal Procedure and Evidence Law" essay for you Create order However, if it is the truth that Herman was in Macau from 9th to 15th September and thus it can proof that he was not able to commit violence fight in Mongkok on 10th September, I should advise him to tell this fact with good and sensible explanation to the police for his best interest. However, before he telling this fact to the police, the police must caution him before that his answer to the questions of the police must be voluntary. (ii) The purposes of the identification parade (ID) are to test the quality of evidence and avoid mistaken identity. If the witness can identify a suspected person, it will be the most important evidence. Under Article 87 of the Hong Kong Basic Law and in the case R v Ip Lai Sheung [1988], a suspect does not have no obligation to take part in the identification parade arranged by the police and the court shall not make an inference of guilt from the fact that the suspect refused to take part, therefore Herman can object the ID. If Herman is willing to participate the ID, it should be conducted by senior police officer. During the ID, he will be arranged to line up with 7 to 8 persons with similar appearance, build, height, dress to Herman and the witness or victim will choose any position in line. To be fair to the suspect (Herman), no photos should be shown to the witness or victim and the legal representative of Herman can attend and can raise objection on the procedures during the procedure. After the ID, the record will be kept by the police. If the victim can choose one of the lineup and state he or she is the criminal, it will become a positive id. Even Herman can reject the procedure, the police may adopt other methods. For example, direct confrontation, photograph or dock identification, depends on the nature of the case and the decision of the police. Compared with ID and those alternative methods, Herman may need to sign out and those procedures may become much unfair, less protected and less reliable. Also, if it is the fact that he was not in Hong Kong during the time of the violence, there should be low chance for the witness or victim to identify him. Therefore, Herman should be advised to take part in the ID. (iii) If Herman is not given a police bail, I will advise him to apply the court bail under section 9(d) and 9(g) Criminal Procedure Ordinance (Cap. 221)(CPO) at the time of first appearance in magistrate court. The qualified right to the court bail are under Article 5(3) and 28 Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance (BORO). Under section 9(d) CPO, the suspect can admit to bail at any time and the court may object the bail only justified on three special grounds under section 9(g)(1) CPO: the first one is abscond, the second one is the suspect commit an offence whilst on the bail and the third is that the suspect may interfere or the prevent the course of public justice. Under section 9(g)(2) CPO, when the court will mainly consider the likelihood of absconding of the defendant when there is an application of the bail. Also, they will consider the nature and seriousness of offence and probable penalty, the behaviour and conduct of the suspect, the background of the suspects, health, ph ysical and mental condition and age of the suspects, the history of the suspect and the character of the defendant. Herman may apply for a conditional court bail as he has no history of absconding and has a clear record, he works and lives with his family members in Hong Kong that shows he has a strong connection with Hong Kong and he denies the offence and shall challenge the evidence as he has proves that he was not not in Hong Kong during the time of offence. (iv) If Herman pleads not guilty in magistrateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s court, the following trial procedures will be made. The court will start the plea taken from Herman, then the prosecution side will give the opening speech and the prosecution will give evidence of the offence by calling witnesses, producing documents and exhibits and examine in chief. Then Herman will have the cross examination to the evidence and the prosecution will give the re-examination and the prosecution will close the trial. Herman can submit of no case to answer (R v Galbraith [1982]) if Herman thinks that or the prosecution side gives no evidence or weal evidence was discredited during the trial. If the court accept the submission, the case will be thrown out. However, if the court reject the submission, there is a prima facie case to answer for Herman. Herman can either choose to give the evidence or call witnesses or else he can exercise the right of silence. If Herman select to give evidence or call wi tnesses, Herman side will have the examination in chief and the prosecution side will have the cross examination and Herman will then have the re-examination and then case will be closed. Both the prosecution side and the defendant will finally give the closing speech the court will give out the verdict. (b)(i) Under section 3 Juvenile Offenders Ordinance (Cap. 226), a person who is under 10 is incapable of committing an offence and he has no doli incapax (Walters v Lunt [1951]). If the defendant is ager between 10 to 14, the prosecution may rebut the presumption of doli incapax, but has to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant has both actus reus and mens rea and realise what he was doing was seriously wrong. As A is only 9 years old which is not the age range to rebut doli incapax and he is not liable for any offence and can raise infancy as the defence. (b)(ii) Under section 10 Theft Ordinance, robbery is the combination of force or threat of force and t he defendant had used force or puts a person into fear, that person need not be the victim in fear. The actus reus of robbery is that the defendant appropriate property which is belonging to another by use of actual or threatened force immediately before or at time of robbery and the mens rea of robbery is the defendant had intention to use force and dishonestly intended to take property with intention of permanent deprivation. In this case, B and C decided to rob the cashier of the supermarket. B pull out the gun and points at the cashier and steal money from the supermarket. A reasonable person should believe that his action will the cashier in fear at the time of robbery and therefore his act complies with the actus reus of robbery. To determine B is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“dishonestlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to take the property, there is a two stage test held in R v Ghosh [1982]. The first stage is that to examine the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s act according to the standards of a reason able person and the second stage is to examine the defendant aware that his behaviour would be regarded as dishonest by ordinary persons. In this case, Bà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behaviour is no doubt that not a honest behaviour to a reasonable man and he should aware his behaviour should be dishonest. Furthermore, B shall take the money which stole from the bank for permanent. From the above of that, B also has the mens rea of the robbery. Therefore B should be liable for robbery because he has both the actus reus and mens rea of the offence. Although C did not have the actus reus that to make threat to the cashier and rob the money, under s89 CPO, he act as an secondary parties who assist B, the principal of the crime, to commit robbery and had a joint enterprise that made an agreement with B before the robbery (R v Powell and Daniels [1999]). Also, there is no doubt that C has the mens rea that he intended to aid B to commit robbery. Therefore, C is also liable to the robbery. To conclude, both B and C are liable for robbery. (b)(iii) In this case, it was clear that no joint plan to kill the security guard (X) as B and C ran in opposite direction and therefore only B involved the killing of X. In criminal law, there are two types of offence on unlawful killing which are murder and manslaughter. To commit an unlawful killing, there must be established a causation for the unlawful act of the defendant in law and on the facts by the but for test. In this case, although the death of X was he banged his head against the pavement and , the main cause of the death of X is because B shoot to X by the gun which is an unlawful act in law. Although X was found to have an abnormally thin skull afterward, here are no excuse for B to raise under the Thin Skull Rule therefore there is a legal causation established between the death of X and the act of B, so the killing of X by B is unlawful. To prove B commit murder, besides the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ac t was an unlawful killing, it must also prove that B has the intention to kill X. In R v Woollin [1998], the court held that the jury can draw the conclusion that the defendant has an intention to kill the victim or not. In this case, X was killed solely because X chase B after the robbery and there are no proves that B had plans or intention to kill X, there are no mens rea for the murder and therefore B was not committed murder. Although B will not be charged with murder, he may be charged with manslaughter. The basis of an involuntary manslaughter is the killing is an unlawful killing, also the killing is by gross negligence from breach of duty of care, by an unlawful and dangerous act or by recklessness. The killing of X by B is an unlawful killing as proved before, thus the key issue is to determine the act of B to X is unlawful and dangerous act which is an objective standard. The elements are that defendant has done an unlawful act intentionally and the act is dangerous to cause death. A sober and reasonable man should know that shoot someone by a gun will make a risk of physical harm and may even cause death, therefore Bà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s act complies with an dangerous act. Since B has commit an unlawful killing with an unlawful and dangerous act but no mens rea to murder, therefore B is liable to manslaughter.

The Laws Worthy Of Respect Essay - 2712 Words

Paper Topic 1 The law, defined as the ensemble of the norms and principles established in a community, is indispensable to the preservation of the state. Leaned on the moral and the collective consent (Rule of Law), it organizes the organization of the state’s government and the relations between people. However, the law has no effects without our obedience, which is based essentially on the authority (the capacity of the law to make us respect it) but also on our culture or our education. Indeed, even if they never read the whole codes of laws, most of people in United States of America never go to prison. Could it be challenged though? History proves us that following the rule of law blindly might leads to dreadful consequences. Such as the Eichmann’s case: â€Å"We should never forget that everything Adolf Hitler did in Germany was ‘legal’ [†¦].† says Martin Luther King in his Letter from a Birmingham Jail. Then, are all the laws worthy of respect? What about the Nuremberg’s laws? 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Physics - 2280 Words

M13/4/PHYSI/HPM/ENG/TZ1/XX 22136507 Physics higher level PaPer 1 Monday 6 May 2013 (morning) 1 hour INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES †¢ Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. †¢ Answer all the questions. †¢ For each question, choose the answer you consider to be the best and indicate your choice †¢ A clean copy of the Physics Data Booklet is required for this paper. †¢ The maximum mark for this examination paper is [40 marks]. on the answer sheet provided. 2213-6507 18 pages  © International Baccalaureate Organization 2013 – 2 – 1. M13/4/PHYSI/HPM/ENG/TZ1/XX The mass of an elephant is 104 kg. The mass of a mouse is 10–2 kg. What is the ratio mass of the elephant ? mass of the mouse A. B. C.†¦show more content†¦A standing wave of frequency f is established in air in a pipe open at one end, as shown. Which of the following is the frequency of the next highest harmonic? A. B. C. D. f 3 f 2 2f 3f 2213-6507 – 7 – M13/4/PHYSI/HPM/ENG/TZ1/XX 14. 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The following are four examples of situations in The Emperors New Groove where the laws of physics were over looked and ignored in the creation of the scene. #1 (19:05-19:48) After Emperor Kusko isRead More The Physics of Basketball Essay1350 Words   |  6 PagesThe Physics of Basketball The more and more I look around I begin to see how physics are integrated into practically everything that we do. These things would surely go unnoticed without making a conscious effort to notice them. For example simple things like riding a bike, or driving a car, or playing catch with a son or daughter. Just as these activities are loaded with elements of physics, sports are also, especially basketball. Physics play a part in every aspect of the game, from dribbling

Sample Final Project Chapter 1 Free Essays

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. The Background of Selecting The Title In business world, to achieve a goal it is really need to have a good relationship between the superiors and the employees. It is because employees are one of the important elements in the company which can affect the company’s income and status. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Final Project Chapter 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Facing directly the business condition now a day, the competitions are getting harder. Companies competed by rely on many sides which one of them is their employees. So, from here the company has to do a plan to defense the position in the market among the competitors to gain more profit. The profit comes from the consumer. Employees are the part in the company that understand and know what the consumer expected from the service or product. So, employee should can predict what product or service which can give the customers satisfaction. Conducting the training program is one of the opportunities that the company takes. Training program is one of the best choices to improve the employees’ job performance and increase incomes. Training process is not easy. There must be some steps to do for reaching the goal. Every forward looking company realized that introduced training program to old and new employee is needed. Giving the training to the employee is the company responsible. The superior in the company sure have to involve in the training process to lead the employees. It is why, the writer interest to make research what program that must and need to be conduct by the company to increase the employees’ job performance by choosing the title â€Å"THE EFFECTIVE TRAINING METHOD TO IMPROVE THE EMPLOYEES’ WORK PERFORMANCE AT PT. CALISPO MULTI UTAMA. B. Problem Identification Training process is no easy to be conduct. It needs a lot of preparation to determine which training programs have to be prepared and it is a problem that the company has to face. PT. CALISPO MULTI UTAMA face a problem which is they face obstacles in increasing the employees work performance. The poor of training program is very affecting the employees’ job performance. From the problem above, the writer would like to formulate her analysis of PT. CALISPO MULTI UTAMA throughout her studies with topic â€Å"the effective training method to improve the employees’ work performance â€Å". C. Hypothesis Hypothesis is the principle in the solving the problem based on the research which has not yet proved to be correct. Based on the research that I have done at PT. CALISPO MULTI UTAMA, which is â€Å"the more the company conducting the training, the more employees’ job performance will increase†. So, by conducting the training, it will show the changes in the result of employee job performance. D. The Method of Research Here I gather the information by using three method of research. First, the information from electronic media that is by internet research. Browsing the internet can give a lot of important information. From the internet, there are also a lot of sample of companies’ problems and the solutions. So from here, we can gain more information to completing this thesis. Second, the information from non-electronic media that is books from library and bookstores. There are a lot of book of management and other article or magazine which can tell more about the topic of this thesis. Third, is by field research. In this method, it is needed to do interview, giving questioners and gather primary data from the company. The objective of this research is to know haw far is the training program has been conducted in the company, how the employees’ performance been done. Field research is the most importance because we directly face the people and directly get the information. E. The Overview of Contents Chapter I:Introduction This chapter consists of the background of selecting the title, problem identification, hypothesis, the method of research, and the overview of contents. Chapter II:Theoretical Review This chapter consists of human resources management, motivation, job evaluation, transfer and training and development. Chapter III:The Company Profile This chapter consist a brief history of the company, the organization structure of the company, job description and implementing training system. Chapter IV:Analysis and Evaluation This chapter consists of the method of training in improving the employees’ job performance, the purpose of training, training design and measure of success by the writer about PT. CALISPO MULTI UTAMA. Chapter V:Conclusion and Suggestion This chapter consists of the conclusion and suggestion that make by the writer about PT. CALISPO MULTI UTAMA to help the company to solve the problem to reach the company goal. How to cite Sample Final Project Chapter 1, Essay examples

The Changing Rights and Freedoms of Greek Migrants free essay sample

Their country was war torn, in a political crisis and in a horrible state of economic status. This was due mainly to the Civil War carried out between 1946 and 1949. Without sufficient infrastructure, agriculture and jobs, many people were looking for another place to live, and Australia just happened to be the place that they chose. Why? In the late 1940’s, the Australian government introduced the policy ‘Populate or Perish’, as there was a threat of invasion at the time. The majority of the migrants came from Britain and other ‘white’ countries, but they could not supply the quantities that Australia demanded. This left the government to find migrants from the ‘non-preferred’ countries such as Greece. From the Greek’s point of view, Australia was ideal. There were jobs available that would be sufficient to put food on their families table, which was their main priority. These jobs were mainly labourer’s jobs such as fruit picking, sugar cane farming etc Australia was keen to find more migrants and had a decent economy, which topped it all off for the Greeks. We will write a custom essay sample on The Changing Rights and Freedoms of Greek Migrants or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There was over 160,000 Greeks that migrated to Australia in the 1960’s and 70’s However, it didn’t go all to plan for the Greek migrants. After settling in, it was obvious that some major issues were arising. Of course, Greece was a very different place to Australia, and many issues were quickly recognised. One of the issues was the Cultural differences between the Greek communities and Australian communities. The Greeks have a very strong culture, and brought the best of It to Australia. This included different types of food, churches even minor things such as different celebration days. This upset the Australian population involved and led to racial frustration. Some Australians also believed that they were stealing their jobs, which didn’t give them much opportunity for well-paid jobs. The Greeks were viewed as an alien race by Australians, and the Greeks reacted by isolating themselves in suburbs such as Brighton, Marrickville and Kingsford in Sydney, and many Suburbs in Melbourne(particularly Lonsdale St), and creating their own ethnic enclaves, which was a problem in itself. These attitudes were slowly changed over the next decade or two. The main issue was that very little of the Greek migrants knew how to speak English. It was made worse by the Greeks in that they didn’t want to co-operate in the assimilation processes and learn English. The government introduced many policies to try and bridge the gap, but nearly all of them failed. These included Greek radio stations in English, Greek newspapers in English and even Television programs, along with in-experienced tutors and teachers. In the Early 1970’s, the tutor systems were revised, the TV and radio programs made better, on-board flight and boat learning language tools and well translated texts in newspaper. In a few years, the problem of Assimilation had become nothingness and was not a problem. Overall, the process to Australia for the Greeks was not as smooth or as enjoyable as they may have wanted, but was most definitely necessary.

Understand Define Human Resource Management-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Understand Define Human Resource Management? Answer: Introducation After going through this study, I was able to understand and define Human Resource Management (HRM). The knowledge acquired through reviewing definitions from many scholars assisted in definition. For instance, it is clear that HRM deals with involving people productively so as the organization can be able to achieve its strategic objectives as well as achieving the employee satisfaction (Stone, 2013 p. 4). HRM will also deal with the activities in the organization that involves people. It is therefore a department that is established in the organization to overlook the employees welfare and their finance (Boxall Purcell, 2011 p. 1). I have had an experience with POSB Bank Singapore as an accountant. The HR manager and his team always regard the employee as an important asset (Fulmer Ployhart, 2014, p.161). The department is headed by the HR manager who has some roles like employee advocate and the organization ambassador. HRM has a number of activities that it is carries one being Job analysis, human resource planning and minding the relationship of the employee among others. A strategy and strategic HRM HRM contributes to the business effectiveness in the organization. This is the reason as to why HR professionals use the term HRM. A strategy is a plan of action or a policy that aims at achieving certain goals for an organization. These HRM strategies are supposed to be contingent on context and circumstance. They should align with the main goal of the organization (Marler Fisher, 2013, p.18). In POSB bank, there were a lot of strategic plans that were laid. Many were to ensure sustainability of the bank. The HR played a very great role as an administrative expert and as an employee partner who was an agent of change as well. The strategies that the management laid were achievable through the strategic HRM and employees engagement. The strategies would define the direction in which the bank intended to move. Strategies would then provide the ways to get to the destination within the stated time (Bakker, 2017, p.67). HRM can be strategic According to the knowledge I got from the Model of Dave Ulrich, HRM can be strategic because it involves strategic focus, people, operation focus and processes. For instance, in POSB bank, the HRM is concerned with employee, that is people, action plan for action and directing the processes that are within the organization. This means that HRM is strategic. Having these activities and roles as HR, he is expected to make implementation through provision of service aimed at following the laid strategies towards the strategic objectives of POSB Bank of Singapore (Albrecht et al., 2015, p.07). Conclusion After reading the slides and listening to the podcasts, I came to conclude that HRM is actively involved in the strategic planning of an organisation, for this case, POSB Bank, Singapore. HRM does this through employee engagement which is aimed at achieving desired organizational outcome. (Schuck and Wollard, 2010 p.15). People in the organization provides manpower. According to the HRM experts, people are the most important asset that an organization can secure so as to realize its strategic goals (Sparrow, 2013, p.99). HRM will then guide the people in the organization such as POSB bank to device and follow the strategies. Reference Albrecht, S. L., Bakker, A. B., Gruman, J. A., Macey, W. H., Saks, A. M. (2015). Employee engagement, human resource management practices and competitive advantage: An integrated approach. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 2(1), 7-35. Armstrong, M. Taylor, S. (2014). Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Bakker, A.B. (2017). Strategic and proactive approaches to work engagement. Organizational Dynamics, 46(2), pp.67-75. Fulmer, I. S., Ployhart, R. E. (2014). Our Most Important Asset A Multidisciplinary/Multilevel Review of Human Capital Valuation for Research and Practice. Journal of Management, 40(1), 161-192. Marler, J.H. Fisher, S.L. (2013). An evidence-based review of e-HRM and strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, 23(1), pp.18-36. Sparrow, P. (2013). Strategic HRM and employee engagement. Employee engagement in theory and practice, pp.99-115. Stone, R.J. (2013). Managing human resources. John Wiley Sons Australia.