Freud s Theory Of Instincts And The Individual Psyche

In Sigmund Freud’s â€Å"Civilization and its Discontents†, we are introduced to a new outlook in the way we view our lives due to his analysis of civilization and how it has affected our happiness. Freud uses his theory of instincts in order to explain what encourages us as well as how our behavior is all linked together and is motivated by our instincts. He explains why humans seek happiness and how it is one of the toughest things to achieve. Towards the end of his book he also gives an insight on how the individual psyche which consist of the id, ego, and super-ego leads us to feel guilt and its impact on civilization. Through his theory of instincts and the individual psyche, Freud is able to demonstrate how civilization has set limits to†¦show more content†¦The pleasure principles goal is to avoid pain, which Freud later states it is not always a good thing because the longer things follow the pleasure principle the happiness received begins to decrease and no longer has the same affect. Overall, this makes it harder for individuals to stay happy. Along with the pleasure principle, Freud states there are three main things that also make us unhappy which are our body, the external world, and our relations with others. And out of all these three, the worst comes from our relations with others, we hurt one another more than anything else on earth. Freud states, â€Å"happiness †¦ is a problem of the economics of the individual’s libido† libido meaning sexual desires, he demonstrates how an individual’s sexual desires and being able to fulfill them leads them to their happiness. At the same time, Freud’s use of libido can also represent a person’s desires and pleasures as a whole and not limiting itself to sexual pleasure. Libido connects to Freud’s theory of instincts. Freud believes that our instincts influence our behavior, and our behavior is caused by our desires. â€Å"Satisfact ion of instinct spells happiness for us’ , this implies that if our desires are satisfied, our behavior is better and we will be happy. However, there seems to be a problem when it comes to Freud’s theory of instincts and civilization. Freud states that civilizationShow MoreRelatedIs The Human Race?868 Words   |  4 Pagesetc†. Although civilization has a positive cognition, Sigmund Freud, a neurologist and initiator of the concept of psychoanalysis, acquainted civilization as being something inadequate. Thus, civilization enables the human race to feel genuine happiness by outlawing actions that come instinctively by our individual psyche. Freud argues that the human race was born inherently savage, meaning that each individual has inborn instincts that make them barbaric. In his book, Civilization and Its DiscontentsRead MorePsychoanalytic, Jungian, and Individual Psychology Theories Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesPsychoanalytic, Jungian, and Individual Psychology Theories When the word classical is used, images of things developed long ago with their traditional styles and ideas come to mind. They are perceived today as outdated and not as effective. Classical models of psychotherapy although deemed outdated, still have relevance in today’s practice of understanding human behavior. Psychotherapy is a science and art that was established back in the 1800’s with its own style and ideas. Classical modelsRead MoreSigmund Freud, Neurologist And Founder Of Psychoanalysis,1320 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud, neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis, paved the way of dream interpretation with little competition or suspicion to his discoveries. That was until the rise of his former advocate, Carl Jung, began to challenge the founders beliefs. While working together, Jung and Freud explored the human mind and jointly agreed on the separation of the conscious and unconscious. Within the unconscious and dreams there was a mutual understandi ng of the need to identify and interpret symbols.Read MoreCarl Jung and Sigmund Freud1412 Words   |  6 PagesCarl Jung and Sigmund Freud Introduction Carl Jung (1875-1961) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) were two individuals whose theories on human personality would completely affect the way that people viewed the human mind. Carl Gustav was a practicing psychotherapist while Sigmund Freud created the discipline of psychoanalysis. The two men had seemingly identical beliefs about human behavior, but also had contrasting beliefs about concepts such as the ego, the psyche, and the state of unconsciousnessRead MoreTheories Of Personality And Psychology1382 Words   |  6 PagesPSY8100 CLIFFORD THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 3 (DEBATE EXISTENCE OF THE UNCONSCIOUS) Faculty Use Only Debate on Psychoanalysis vs. Behaviorism: Freud and Skinner Moderator: Good evening, and welcome to the Northcentral University?s debate on psychanalysis versus behaviorism. My name is Nisaa Kirtman and I am from the Department of Psychology. It?s an honor to be the moderator of tonight?s debate. The topic for tonight?s debate are the contrasts betweenRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1226 Words   |  5 Pagesspectacles of Sigmund Freud, esteemed Austrian psychologist. Freud’s highly regarded contribution to the study of the human brain and mind opens the curtains of the books reality. Things like mental illness and depression were not well known or understood traits for a person to have in Freud’s lifetime, those of which have heavy representation in Kesey’s story. One of Freud’s biggest theories is the â€Å"id†, the â€Å"ego†, and the â€Å"superego†. He believed that the â€Å"id† represents one’s instincts, â€Å"ego† representsRead MoreThe Unconscious Mind Is Not Some Black Hole Of Unacceptable Impulses933 Words   |  4 Pages†(â€Å"Unconscious†). The Unconsious is the place a large portion of the work of the psyche completes; it s the store of programmed aptitudes (, for example, riding a bicycle), the wellspring of instinct and dreams, the motor of much data handling. The unconscious mind shows the real intentions behind the mask.Freud added to a geological model of the psyche, whereby he depicted the components of the mind s structure and capacity. Freud utilized the relationship of an iceberg to portray the three levels of theRead MoreModernism Vs. Modernist Modernism1185 Words   |  5 Pagesthinkers such as Karl Marx and Sigmeud Freud played important roles in this ti me. Therefore, we discussed some of their more important works in class. For instance, you cannot study Marx thought without mentioning The Communist Manifesto. Similarly, Freud cannot be mentioned without his Outline of Psychoanalysis. Marx and Freud, after World War I, began to question the rationality of mankind. The difference being Marx focused primarily on political issues and Freud on psychology. Still, both were veryRead MoreEssay about Sexual Frustration in Alfred Hitchcocks Rope2778 Words   |  12 Pages On May 21, 1924, two highly intelligent university scholars from Chicago, Richard Loeb and Nathan Leopold, executed their highly-calculated plan for the cold-blooded murder of a distant relative of Loeb#960;s, 14-year old Bobby Franks. As students of Nietzsche#960;s philosophy, Loeb and Leopold had set out to commit the #8805;perfect murder#8804; in order to actualize the belief that they were of an elite group, superior to the common man, to whom the standard moral code did not applyRead MoreMarx, Mill And Freud s Critique Of Political Economy And The Communist Manifesto Essay1133 Words   |  5 Pagessometimes merely implicit) notions of freedom and unfreedom we find in the texts we have read by Marx, Mill and Freud. Use the esoteric traditions we have examined thus far (from the Book of Job to Plato) as a comparative yardstick, or point of reference, but without letting them take over the foreground in your paper -- the latter should be reserved for these three figures. Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, and John Stuart Mill are three authors who tackle the topic of freedom in unique ways, but their messages

Current Art Vs Ancient Art - 1901 Words

Yazeed Alamri Argumentation and Research August 19/2015 Final Paper Current Art Vs Ancient Art Introduction Since time immemorial, art has always been a product of man’s emotional and intellectual connection with the world. The primary aim of art is to create a message that will either trigger an inexplicable consciousness within the spirits of its audience, or provoke wisdom among the minds of the curious persons. Owing to its deep-rooted role for man, art has long been explored in several manners, with some scholars pursuing the mere aspects of art, while some take on deep comparative examinations. However, the act of connecting ancient art to contemporary art is not, as easy as taking into account, the time both came into existence. More so, how current artists perceive the ancient art, and how it influences their current works. There is a more precise, more diverse approach in understanding how ancient art measure up to the contemporary ones. The overall purpose of this research paper is to gain insight of the perception and attitude towards ancient art among current artists. To understand and complete this research topic, the paper will offer deep research, which will also include interviewing current artists with an aim of completing the set objectives. Nonetheless, current artists have the obligation to appreciate ancient art, so as to develop the act of appreciating art works in the society, including the works of current artists. Background of the topic BeingShow MoreRelatedThe Art Of Feng Shui1328 Words   |  6 Pages The Art of Feng Shui Topic: Feng Shui General Speech Purpose: To inform my audience about the art of feng shui. Specific Purpose: To have my audience be able to use this information and the decorating tips I provide to rearrange their living spaces so that they can live in a harmonious environment filled with positive energy. Thesis Statement: Feng Shui is an ancient Chinese art of placement that strives to create a harmonious environment with a positive flow of energy within the home by strategicallyRead MoreKiller Cultures: Discovering the Effects of Culture on Ones Personal Happiness921 Words   |  4 PagesItaly vs. America II. TS#2: After leaving Italy, Elizabeth traveled to India, researching the effects of prayer and religion. A. Detail 1: Effects of religion on happiness B. Detail 2: Healing effects of religion C. Detail 3: Depression rates in India vs. America III. TS#3: In Indonesia, Gilbert found the balance between indulgences and faith, creating a happy, balanced life. A. Detail 1: Depression and obesity rates in Indonesia vs. America B. Detail 2: Obesity rates in Indonesia vs. Italy Read MoreThe Most Powerful And Largest Cities Of Mesoamerica968 Words   |  4 PagesC.E. throughout Mesoamerica s Golden Age. Some of the most influential aspects of this great city would extend from other well known civilizations, the Maya and Aztec people for example, during their respective governing periods. As of the most current standing, the original name remains undecipherable in the surviving glyphs recovered at sites. Much in the same way, the initial cause of collapse for this once awesome metropolis is merely speculative through what clues have been saved from a socialisticRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Art1388 Words   |  6 Pagessociety, technology and art go hand in hand. Art has been around for a long time but technology such as computers are still very new. These two mediums have comingled and now evolve and effect the other. Art has changed to reflect the vast improvements technology has contributed to com munication and the ability to create using digital space. Technology has also changed with artist pushing the boundaries of what is technical possible in the digital realm. Much of today’s art is created and presentedRead MoreHow Welding And How It Changed The World1082 Words   |  5 Pagesa little history lesson on how welding came to be. Welding dates back to ancient times! The early examples come from the bronze age when they used pressure welding to hold to gather small gold boxes. Pressure welding is used when two pieces of metal are heated up and pressed together and then rapidly cooled then the joints form together. This process is also known as forge welding and it was used a lot during ancient times and also in the bronze age. This form of welding was used on tools boxesRead MoreAlternative Medicine vs. Conventional Medicine Essay1071 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: English Composition 1 Alternative Medicine vs. Conventional Medicine July 25, 2010 Introduction It is important to understand the cause of the current crisis on the matter, factors that lead to diseases and good health, in addition to the steps that need to be taken by an individual so as to maintain good health. Traditional medicine, also known as conventional medicine, relies on scientific principles, contemporary technologies as well as scientifically proved methodologiesRead MoreSparta Vs Athens Vs. Athens1722 Words   |  7 PagesSparta vs Athens The two dominating Greek city states, Sparta and Athens, have there own strengths that make them the strongest throughout Greece. Sparta is located in the southeastern Peloponnesus, in an area known as Laconia (Spielvogel 53). Athens is on the peninsula of Attica (Geography). Sparta is know for their immense military might (Spartan Military). Athens is known better for their leading naval force in Greece (Women of the Ancient World). Their government systems were very differentRead MoreEssay on The Influence of Christianity on Ancient and Modern Greece1657 Words   |  7 PagesThe Influence of Christianity on Ancient and Modern Greece Problems with format ?From the earliest establishment of Christian churches in Macedonia, Achaia, Epirus, and Crete, to the expansion of the Orthodox Church, Greece has been a formidable landmark for development of Christianity throughout the world.? From its arrival to Greece with the first preaching of Paul, the Christian faith has undergone a unique assimilation into the cultural and philosophical traditions of the Greek peopleRead More Juxtaposing Viewpoints on Genetic Species Revival1341 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstand the issue as it becomes more prevalent, it is important to examen different perspectives that span many centuries time, generating new insight on the issue. Examining different perspectives on the perceived human influences on species extinction vs. natural law and lack of adaptability, and give a determination on the ethical implications to society and ecology from the above arguments and philosophies from each viewpoint. Through these key statements, the arguments on genetic species revivalRead MoreA Study on iPhone Essay2433 Words   |  10 Pagesmanner we can understand. Do we mean refined art and literature? Do we mean language? Do we mean music and visual arts, such as movies and TV? Do we mean clothing and food? Do we mean habits and customs? Do we mean the way we think about serious topics such as religion, death, friends, family? What exactly do we mean when we talk about this â€Å"cultural dominance†? Here are some dictionary definitions of culture from various sources: †¢ The beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place

Factors Influencing Tourist Attraction to the Adelaide zoo Samples

Question: Discuss about the Factors Influencing Tourist Attraction to the Adelaide. Answer: Introduction The tourism industry is important as it generates revenue for country to boost the economic development. The tourists visit various destinations for leisure, business or any other purpose and while on stay or entry to those regions they are able to pay for services. The customer satisfaction is important in tourism due to its influence on their decision to visit a given tourist destination and thus strategies can be adopted to maximize customer satisfaction and retention (Kouthouris and Alexandris, 2005). Customer satisfaction has long been used in marketing to measure how organizational products meet or surpass customers satisfaction. A study by Cronin et al. (2000) found that customer satisfaction is important for the success of business. Adelaide Zoo is one of the largest tourist destination in Australia and it is particular of interest since it experiences fluctuation of visitors annually (Orams, 2002). The current study of customer satisfaction provides best indicators and facto rs tourist consider before visiting Adelaide Zoo. If tourist is satisfied, then there is high chance of coming back to the back or mobilizing friends and family to visits the place. The tourists who are unhappy are at high risk of not visiting Adelaide Zoo thus affecting revenue generation. There is a high competition in tourism industry worldwide just like any other business activities necessitating the government to adopt strategies to improve local tourism. The indicators of why customer chose one destination over another provide useful information for the tourism sector and local government to support Adelaide Zoo by creating political, social and infrastructure developments that create environment for greater tourist satisfaction. It has been established that there are many factors that affect tourist destination including price, expectation and perceived quality (Beerli Martin, 2004). Other studies have highlighted significant influence of behavioral, demographic and socioeconomic factors on tourists' satisfaction with destinations (Murphy et al., 2000). In this study, we evaluated customers satisfaction of people in campus who have visited Adelaide Zoo in order to inform the destination on how to improve its competitive advantage. Background information on Adelaide Zoo Adelaide Zoo is one of the oldest tourist attraction in Australia located near Adelaide City, South Australia. The Australian government made the park to be run on a non-profit basis to increase conservative measures and encourage the locals to visit the site. The park is rich in plant and animal diversity with over 300 animal species and approximately over 2000 animals. The park was open in 1883, making it one of the oldest tourist attraction site in Australia occupying 8 hectares of land (Anderson, 1995). Early in 1950s the park was negatively affected by bird trade where live birds particularly finches and parrots were exported. A proper legislation has curbed many risk factors that was threating wildlife in the park and many community and private organizations are involved in conservation. This site was chosen particularly due to its uniqueness as having display of all Australian zoos. Furthermore, apart from its closeness to central business district, the site has huge variety o f exotic and native mammals, fish, largest panda and reptiles in surrounded by magnificent botanic garden. The resident gets to enjoy free tour in the park thus offering motivation for locals (Adelaide Zoo, 2017). Limitations One of the problem encountered in the study is randomization. Since there were few individuals who have visited Adelaide Zoo it was difficult to pick interviewee randomly. In this study, the respondents were restricted to three variables, there is possibility that there are other intervening variables affecting individuals decision to visit the park. The study further could not establish link between tourist motive and level of satisfaction. Methodology Research Design This study adopted descriptive survey research design. This design was chosen because it uses data collected from research questions to answer questions concerning current status of a phenomenon. Mertler (2008) argued that when dealing with people, situations and conditions about which we wish to know more, then descriptive survey is best. These arguments favor this study hence the choice of this design. This research used both quantitative and qualitative methods. sampling techniques and target Population This study adopted purposive sampling technique to determine the sample population who have visited Adelaide Zoo. Approximately 100 people were asked if they had visited the park from which 20 individuals were picked. Target population is the list of all individuals or members that the study is about or interested in (Kitchenham Pfleeger, 2002). The target population of the study comprise of 20 individuals attached college and must have visited Adelaide Zoo. Research Instruments In this study, data was collected through structured questionnaires which was circulated to study participants in the college. Questionnaires are selected because they provide a high degree of data standardization and adoption of generalized information amongst any population (Hsieh et al., 2005). The questionnaire was presented with closed and open ended questions. The questions seek factual information such as position in the college, sex, and professional qualifications. The other part aimed at seeking opinions, perceptions and attitudes of the respondents with regard to the variables used in the study. A 5 point Likert scale for establishing visit frequency (5=very frequently, 4= frequently, 3=occasionally, 2=Rarely and 1= Very rarely) and another scale for determining level of satisfaction (5= very satisfied, 4 = satisfied, 3= neither satisfied or dissatisfied, 2= dissatisfied and 1= very dissatisfied) were used to solicit respondents perceptions and opinions regarding the selec ted effect action variables. Opportunities were also provided to respondents through open ended questions to provide extra relevant information. Data Collection Procedure The questionnaires were administered to the sampled respondents using the drop and pick method. The respondents were allowed adequate time to fill the questionnaires after which the questionnaires were collected after one week for analysis. Data Analysis and Presentation Once the raw data was collected, the first step was to clean the data for any inconsistencies. The coding of the data was the next step. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to explain results of the findings. The data collected was be coded, and analyzed through Excel. The results were presented in tables and charts. Results There were equal number of male and females in study sample (figure 1). However, during the initial 100 samples that were questioned to determine whatever they have visited Adelaide zoo there were more males (62 %) than females (38%) (data not shown). Figure 1: Gender of the participants Socio-demographic variables showed that majority of the interviewed were between the age of 21-30 years old (65%) followed by 31-40 years (15 %) and over 4 years were the least (20%) (Table 1). The participant who have enjoyed local tourism destination (55%) were slightly above the lovers of international travel (45%). Similarly, many people had visited other destination apart from Adelaide Zoo comprising of 55%. There were many undergraduate (80%) participants compared to graduate (20%) (Figure 2). Figure 2: socio-demographic characteristics The study showed that majority of the of the respondents visited Adelaide Zoo very frequently and frequently by 25% and few visited very rarely (10%). Accessibility stood to be the most motivating factor to visit Adelaide Zoo (45%). The number of respondent who were satisfied Adelaide Zoo were similar to undecided respondent. However, it was evident that significant number of respondent were very dissatisfied (10%) with Adelaide Zoo services. Table 1: dimensions influencing participants to visit destination Variable Results (n-20) Age (years) 21-30 (65%) -31-40 (15%) over 40 (20%) Rate of visiting Adelaide Zoo Very frequent (25%), frequent (25%), occasionally (20%), rarely (20%) and very rarely (10%) Motivation to visit Adelaide Zoo Affordability (35%), accessibility (45%) and income (20%) Level of satisfaction Very satisfied (30%), satisfied (30%), neither satisfied nor dissatisfied (25%), dissatisfied (5%), very dissatisfied (10%) Discussions The majority of the respondent were undergraduate students with age between 21 and 30 years old on campus and few staffs. The respondents preferred local tourism that is encouraging so as to save foreign exchange and offer revenue to the local industries. However, the studied further identified significant number of people prefer to travel abroad though the country has many enjoyable attractions. The government has a lot to do to promote domestic tourism. In other study, Felsenstein and Fleischer (2003) suggested that making arrangements with local tours and offering benefits at reasonable prices lower than that offered to foreign tourist boosts local tourism. The government has to invest heavily on infrastructural developments like hotels and shopping malls that support tourism industry (Littrell et al., 2004). Majority traveled more often to the Adelaide Zoo and they cited accessibility as a motivating factors. This is in harmony with previous studies where a universal accessibility has been cited to promote tourism irrespective of race, gender, age color, nationality, religion and physical conditions. The participant attributed accessible heritage and infrastructure in Adelaide as welcoming. The park is a walking distance from the central business district and one can take approximately 15 minutes to get into the park. Adelaide Zoo has met international standards by designing infrastructures around the park to gather for handicapped. The cheap transport system including road, air, sea and train transport network (Allan, 2011) that connect Adelaide city to the rest of the world is promoting tourism in the city. The increased use of technology has promoted information services (Buhalis Law, 2008). The respondents cited using internet to make travelling arrangement easy. One reported to booking and paying for fair and accommodation online. Affordability was further a great motivating factor for individuals to visit the park. As indicated earlier, the park is non-profit and thus little entry fee is charged on Australians. The efficient transport system has lowered the cost of travel to Adelaide city making it affordable for tourists. The cheaper flexible price of airlines in certain seasons of the year has enticed more people to travel (Pearce et al., 2007). High infrastructural development in the city has further contributed to affordable accommodation for the tourists. The income was least factor since majority of respondents were students who depend majorly on income from their guardian and parents. The respondents were generally satisfied with services of Adelaide Zoo. The park has adequa te tour guide to take people around the park. Conclusions This study proved that students are contributing significantly to the tourism sector in Australia with majority of them reporting to enjoy leisure travel. The Adelaide Zoo has opportunity to increase tourism activity from the student as evident from proportionate number of students who have visited the park. Affordability and accessibility were the major factors affecting individuals to visit the factor. This means that the government has to do more to make tourism affordable and accessible to encourage domestic and international tourism. Recommendation This study was conducted in college with small sample size. It is recommended to include more participants in the next studies that must be chosen randomly to increase its reliability. The following studies further need to include more variables so as to come up with conclusive findings that can apply generally to tourism industry. References Adelaide Zoo. (2017). Adelaide Zoo Animals. Retrieved on April 24, 2017 from https://www.adelaidezoo.com.au/animals/. Allan, A. (2011). Land Use Planning and its Role in Transforming the Adelaide-Gawler Line into a Transit Corridor of Connected Transit Oriented Developments. Anderson, K. (1995). Culture and nature at the Adelaide Zoo: at the frontiers of'human'geography.Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 275-294. Beaumont, N., Dredge, D. (2010). Local tourism governance: A comparison of three network approaches.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,18(1), 7-28. Beerli, A., Martin, J. D. (2004). Factors influencing destination image.Annals of tourism research,31(3), 657-681. Buhalis, D., Law, R. (2008). Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the InternetThe state of eTourism research.Tourism management,29(4), 609-623. Cronin, J. J., Brady, M. K., Hult, G. T. M. (2000). Assessing the effects of quality, value, and customer satisfaction on consumer behavioral intentions in service environments.Journal of retailing,76(2), 193-218. Felsenstein, D., Fleischer, A. (2003). Local festivals and tourism promotion: The role of public assistance and visitor expenditure.Journal of Travel Research,41(4), 385-392. Hsieh, Y. C., Chiu, H. C., Chiang, M. Y. (2005). Maintaining a committed online customer: a study across search-experience-credence products. Journal of Retailing, 81(1), 75-82. Kitchenham, B., Pfleeger, S. L. (2002). Principles of survey research: part 5: populations and samples. ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 27(5), 17-20. Kouthouris, C., Alexandris, K. (2005). Can service quality predict customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions in the sport tourism industry? An application of the SERVQUAL model in an outdoors setting.Journal of Sport Tourism,10(2), 101-111. Littrell, M. A., Paige, R. C., Song, K. (2004). Senior travellers: Tourism activities and shopping behaviours.Journal of Vacation Marketing,10(4), 348-362. Mertler, C. A. (2008). Action research: Teachers as researchers in the classroom. Sage. Murphy, P., Pritchard, M. P., Smith, B. (2000). The destination product and its impact on traveler perceptions.Tourism management,21(1), 43-52. Orams, M. B. (2002). Feeding wildlife as a tourism attraction: a review of issues and impacts.Tourism management,23(3), 281-293. Pearce, D. G., Tan, R., Schott, C. (2007). Distribution channels in international markets: a comparative analysis of the distribution of New Zealand tourism in Australia, Great Britain and the USA.Current Issues in Tourism,10(1), 33-60.

Publisher Interview What to Expect with Publishing Your Book - The Writers For Hire

PUBLISHER INTERVIEW: WHAT TO EXPECT WITH PUBLISHING YOUR BOOK The fairytale version of finishing a book goes something like this: You dramatically pull a final book page from the typewriter carriage, stack it on top of a huge pile of papers, stuff it into a bulky package, rush ship it to your favorite publisher, and immediately get a call praising your book and offering you top dollar. Of course, we all know that’s not how it really works. With the advent of self-publishing, authors have a significant amount of choice in their publishing process, and with so many traditional, self, and niche publishers to choose from, the publishing process looks different for everyone. So what should you really expect when publishing your book? To help us understand how to separate the publishing fairytale from the reality, we recently spoke with Ella Hearrean Ritchie from Stellar Communications, a company that specializes in helping authors through the publishing process. TWFH: What are the pros of traditional publishing and self-publishing, respectively? MS. RITCHIE: Let’s start with traditional publishing. This is where you take the time to research the publishers that may be interested in your manuscript, send them a query letter, and wait to find out if they will represent you and your book. The pros here are the publishing house often bears all or most expenses. Also, you and your book have instant credibility as well as an instant audience for broader reach, which could mean greater royalties. At the other end of the spectrum is self-publishing. As a self-published author, you own the rights to your book, and you stay in full control of the content and marketing. TWFH: What would you consider to be some of the cons of traditional publishing and self-publishing? MS. RITCHIE: The cons of traditional publishing include waiting to hear back on whether your book is accepted, which can take a while. And because many people are vying for a chance with the publisher, the chances of being selected are slim. The publishing house might also have additional stipulations, such as required attendance at book events. Some of the downsides to traditional publishing are that you are working with a really large team, and are ultimately accountable to the publishing house itself. Expect to ask someone for approval every time you want to make changes or conduct an outside-of-the-box marketing campaign. You’re not necessarily an entrepreneur, but more of an employee. The downside to self-publishing and making every decision on your own is that you may not be making the best decisions. This path can also feel pretty confusing and overwhelming at times because of the hundreds of big and small decisions that come with creating a book on your own. Unfortunately, a telltale sign of a self-published bookis when quality is sacrificed for the sake of the budget. Readers can often spot a â€Å"do it yourself† book and won’t take the writing seriously. This takes away from your credibility and can hurt your marketing efforts. You can, however, engage a project manager to help coordinate the process. This option is more costly than self-publishing completely on your own, but may prove a worthy investment in the long run. TWFH: What is the first thing someone should do before approaching a publishing company to self-publish? MS. RITCHIE: Picking the right publisher, for you, is the first step to a peaceful process. Take the time to list your goals and expectations as the driving points for your conversation with any publishing company. Beyond your list of goals you’d like to accomplish, if you’re a first-time author, it can be difficult to know what to look for and what to avoid in a publisher. Before you approach any company, talk to other self-published authors about their experiences. Educate yourself on any potential pitfalls or areas of concern, and then you’ll be better prepared to ask the right questions. TWFH: What are the most common misconceptions you hear from people when a writer approaches you about a potential project? MS. RITCHIE: One common misconception is that a quality book can be quickly and easily produced. While it’s true that â€Å"printing on demand† has made book publishing more accessible than ever, the reality is that a lot of time and attention to detail go into each step of the publishing process. When an author tells me that there’s â€Å"not much to do† to develop a manuscript into a book, there is always a little more to do. Whether the remainder is really big or small, there’s always another detail. Another big misconception is that books reap profits. The truth is that it can take a lot of time and money to produce and market a book, and there is no guarantee that an author will recoup the investment. TWFH: What is the biggest initial hurdle to starting the publishing process with a new client? MS. RITCHIE: One thing that I notice in manuscripts is that great detail is taken when preparing the manuscript itself. But, the overall marketing of the book and the cover concept hasn’t been given much thought. Most authors come armed with the body of a manuscript and maybe one or two additional elements, and it’s often the job of the publisher to create a complete marketing plan and cover concept, and show how this can enhance the author’s overall story. Most authors don’t realize that their manuscripts are not complete when they are submitted. TWFH: What should an author expect to do to make his or her book successful? What does a successful book look like? MS. RITCHIE: A successful book is all about being clear on your goals and expectations. Some authors want a family history book that captures their legacy for future generations, so a beautiful, durable hardcover book that is printed for the family is their definition of success. Other authors want to spread a message to as many people as possible, so an affordable paperback book with appealing content that is available on Amazon and Barnes Noble is their definition of success. It’s really up to the author’s vision. TWFH: What are some of the stereotypes that you’ve run into when approached by writers? MS. RITCHIE: Some of the negative comments that I’ve heard about self-publishers are that they take money without fulfilling promises, that they’re unresponsive, and that they don’t pay attention to details that matter to the author. The comments seem to boil down to one stereotype, which is that publishers don’t care about the author. Unfortunately, there is some truth to this stereotype. I’ve heard some horror stories and have experienced a few disappointments myself. This is why it is so important to take the time to choose a publisher that is right for you and your book. *Stellar Communications is a book publishing team that delivers quality content on time to nonfiction authors, business leaders, nonprofit organizations, and federal government agencies.

Public relation

Public relation Introduction In present day society an organization’s reputation and appeal are some of the most important aspects ensuring a competitive edge and the benefit of continuous growth. It is really important for an enterprise to make a name in its environment as it instils a sense of patronage among those it serves best.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Public relation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This in turn boosts its performance in terms of increased sales or/and overwhelming profits. For this reason, organizations must depend on PR for their complete survival. (In this essay PR will be used to represent public relation). This is the basis of Public relation in any organization be it a profit or a non- profit making. The relationships between the public and organisations should be regulated in accordance with the field of application of this or that model. At the same time, it is necessary to remembers that some features of the public relations models are not appropriate for specific areas and occasions. As such, it is not appropriate for companies that are interested in improvement of their financial performance and popularity among the potential customers to use false advertising which is more regularly used for entertainment. However, there are cases of companies using deceptive advertising techniques that are, nevertheless, are not considered to be deceptive unless applied to legislature and issues where knowledge of laws and regulations is essential. The international relations should be regulated in accordance with the norms that are accepted in all countries. However, the similar tendencies in public relations sector reflect the development of the deceptive practices and their spread whereas the governments and other corresponding organisations do nothing to prevent spread of false information and other inappropriate issues. In this respect, the application of some of the publi c relations models can be questioned in terms of its effectiveness. So, the use of the press agentry model can be considered the most harmful when applied with the purpose of gaining money whereas the application of a two-way symmetric model is considered to be the most difficult though the most positive in terms of the outcomes.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In fact, the concept dates way back that there is even a chance it could be as old as human interaction by way of communication (Wilcox, 2009, p. 40). It originated from the United States way back in the twentieth century. However, activities by bodies of the government related to the concept of public relation have their roots in Britain especially when world war two was coming to a halt. Wilcox (2009) studies the transformation of the concept through three basic functions which include: press agentry, pu blicity, and counselling. It is worth noting that these three activities still have their way in present day society. There are four models associated with public relation as a concept. Through the models we are able to appreciate the process through which the concept evolved to form what is now the present day PR in the society. It was observed that the theories had a tendency to succeed each other as complements rather than overrule each other (Wilcox, 2009). Grunig and Hunt (1984) have discussed the theories precisely and elaborately basing their arguments from their knowledge on management as stated in their definition of the concept earlier (pp. 7-8). The four models as discussed by the two principles include: press agentry/publicity; public information; two-way asymmetric; and two-way symmetric (Grunig and Hunt, 1984, p. 22). They have placed a 2-way symmetric model as the most transformed public relation theory. Here now is a summary of each individual model and its contribut ion to the society. The Press Agentry/Publicist Model The press agentry which is also referred to as publicity is one of the types of public relations as part of the public relations model that is aimed at explaining the relationships between the public and an organization. Press agents are people engaged into the process of distributing information based on this model. Press agents are known to have no time for research of any kind on their subjects, because what matters most is how best they can manipulate personalities (Harrison, 2008). As such, the most notable feature of this model is the lack of necessity for truth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Public relation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The similarities of this and other types of relations include the following: that it influences the attitude of public to an organization; uses one-way communication as well as the public information model; requires li ttle research as it is not based on the feedback either is the public information model. In this respect, it has more similarities with the public information model while it differs greatly from the two-way asymmetric model and the two-way symmetric models. One of the greatest examples of using the press agentry model refers to the distribution of one-way communication on the Internet. Specifically, due to the fact advertising has become sophisticated with the rise of new media, Australian advertisers create new ads on YouTube to promote the Carlton Draft bee (James, n. d., p. 139). This growing tendency to introduce advertising with the help of virtual space is, indeed, effective because the Internet users can sub-consciously receive advertising information even when they use YouTube for different purposes. The penetration to the communication space has allowed the producers to gain a competitive edge and capture greater market segments. As defined by Richards (1990), deceptive adv ertising which is regulated and controlled by the Federal Trade Commission can be treated as not being deceptive â€Å"for persons operating outside the legal context† (p. 20). In this respect, using video, audio and other media platforms that are downloaded on the Internet enables the advertisers to expand their influence on the potential customers and manipulate their demands. The Public Information Model The public information model is one of the four basic public relations models introduced by Grunig and Hunt (1984) to analyse and explain the relationships that occur between the public or its representatives and an organisation or a person that is influencing the public opinion or manipulates its awareness with some purposes.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the public information is usually used by governmental and non-profit organizations in order to make the population aware of some issues such as importance of protected sex, danger of smoking, consequences of negligence, and other issues. In this respect, people usually perceive such information adequately without doubts because government does not want to make profits by using this strategy as well as companies do by advertising. The key similarities between the public information and other models related to public relationships include the following: it has the same communication scheme as the press agentry approach and is consequently based on the one-way communication technique; it uses little research because dissemination of information is the basic purposes as well as for the press agentry model; truth is important for this model as well as for the two-way symmetric model. One of the most effective examples of application of the public information model includes the information that is aimed at persuading people not to use drugs, informs about the effective rehabilitation methods issued by the health care institutions; different funds and ministries also distribute some information. As claimed by Bongila (2003), in the late nineteenth century in the United States, â€Å"the public information model held to the belief that private gifts could be raised efficiently and with greater morality by disseminating accurate information† (p. 33). As such, this public relation theory is characterised by a one-way form of communication where information is dispensed from one end and expected to be received in another (Ward, 1995). The Two-Way Asymmetric Model The two-way asymmetric model is one of the types of public relationships introduced in the framework of the four-type model by Grunig and Hunt. Grunig and Hunt (1984) refer to this as scientific persuasion. The main similarities of this model include the key features that are also typical of the two-way symmetric model of public relations: the nature of communication includes the two ways because both the organisation and public are interested in the outcomes of the interaction; formative research and a feedback also pertain to the similarities between the two-way symmetric model and the two-way asymmetric model; the areas of application is specific for this model and does not resemble other models. The main difference between the two-way asymmetric model and three other approaches of distributing information applied in public relations is that it is strongly based on attitudes. As such, forming the attitude and perception of an organisation by the public is one of the main purposes of this model of public relations. One of the examples of application of the two-way asymmetric model is the company that conducts researches and surveys on the way one of its brands is perceived by consumers in order to change something or select another target audience. For instance, as intro duced by Davidson (1992), Persil Automatic’s success â€Å"has demonstrated a precise and continuing understanding of the attitudes and lifestyles of the women who own such a machine† (p. 52). In other words, the company collects information and uses it to promote its goods and improving its competitive advantage. The Two-Way Symmetric Model The two-way symmetric model is the fourth of the models introduced by Grunig and Hunt (1984) pertaining to the field of public relations. This model is aimed at regulating the public relations with regard to the organisation and the public being interested in solving the problems the coping with certain difficulties. The area of application of this model is a bit similar to the one used for the public information model when the approach is applied to structured companies and regulated business. Grunig and Hunt (1984) suggest that this is the best of the public relation models as it is effective, though it is hard to come by. Grunig puts it that â€Å"idealism is and always has been a central part of the two-way symmetric model of communication and vital to the development of excellent PR both theoretically and practically† (Grunig, 1992, pp. 56-57; 307). The role of PR in an organization appears to be sacred (Grunig and Hunt, 1984, p.6-8). Merging his previous agenda for the theory of two-way symmetric communication it comes out apparently, that efficient public relation was characterized by aspects of symmetry, management, idealism and its social relevance (Grunig and Grunig, 1992). This clearly gives the public the mandate to influence the organization’s behavior which is not quite practical (Grunig, 1992, p.55-61). A good example of application of the two-way symmetric mode is the corporate social responsibility when a company is involved into different activities that improve its image for the public and other organisations. At the same time, the company benefits via increase in the financi al performance. Corporate philanthropy and community volunteering are claimed to be methods used as parts of the corporate social responsibility (Kotler Lee, 2005, pp. 31-32). It is possible to see the examples of corporate social responsibility practices in every large company. For instance, environmental protection issues and charity funds as well as relations of the manufacturers with suppliers pertain to the two-way symmetric model public relations. Conclusion In the works of Grunig it is clear from the definition all the way to the four remarkable models of PR that concept of idealism stands out mostly. His two-way symmetric model brought with it a lot of reforms to the public relation department of organization to enhance a mutual form of agreement between parties involved in place of persuasion. This is a step in the right direction because it aims at making the society a better place to live in. on that note, even with its shortcomings the model should be utilized to as far as it makes sense. In conclusion, anything aimed at making the society better than it is, is a noble course worth living for. References Bongila, J.-P. K., 2003. Funding Strategies for institutional advancement of private universities in the United States: applications for African/Congolese universities. Sydney: Universal-Publishers. Davidson, M. P., 1992. The consumerist manifesto: advertising in postmodern times. London: Routledge. Grunig, J, Hunt, T 1984, Managing Public Relations, Thomson, NY, USA. Grunig, JE Grunig, LA 1992, ‘Models of public relations and communication’, in JE Grunig (ed.), Excellence in public relations and communications management, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey. Gruning, J E 1992, ‘Symmetrical versus asymmetrical public relation’ ,in D Dozier , W Ehling , L Grunig , F Repper J White (eds), Excellence in public relations and communication management , Lawrence Erlbaum associates, NJ, USA. Harrison, K 2008, S trategic public relations: a practical guide to success, 5th edn, Century Consulting Group, Perth, Australia. James, M n. d., ‘A Review of the Impact of New Media on Public Relations: Challenges for Terrain, Practice and Education’, Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, University of Newcastle, vol. 8, 138-148. Kotler, P., Lee, N., 2005. Corporate social responsibility: doing the most good for your company and your cause. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Richards, J. I., 1990. Deceptive advertising, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Ward, I 1995, Politics of the media, Macmillan, Melbourne. Wilcox, DL Cameron, GT 2009, Public relations: strategies and tactics, 9th edn (International edn), Pearson Education, Boston, Massachusetts.

Test-Taking Tips and Strategies

Test-Taking Tips and Strategies Of all the stressors that come with earning a degree in higher education, taking a test – or exam, rather – often causes the most stress. Tests are rarely simple, most always a challenge, and, worst of all, the student hardly knows what to expect – even those who  have done their work, studied hard and prepared well for the exam.  The key to successful test taking, however, is preparation and avoiding carelessness when taking the test. How to Write a College Research Paper Taking a test demonstrates the student’s ability to understand their course material and use that knowledge ina pragmatic way. There are two kinds of tests: objective tests –true/false, multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank; andsubjective tests – short answer, essay, oral exams. Regardless of the student, their approach to taking tests, intelligence, skill level, or if they have a proclivityfor performing well on tests, here are a few suggestions for the student who wishes to excel on tests. Test-Taking Tips and Strategies Improve test-taking abilities by looking at old tests. When preparing for any test, the student should review previously taken tests to be aware of areas that may require more attention. Each test a student takes in some way prepares them for the next – especially the Final exam. Be early, early, early. The day of a test, the student should one, get up out of bed at an early hour, early enough to get a good, healthy breakfast before reviewing last-minute notes. Also, the student should arrive early to the test-taking site to avoid any stress or panic. Visualize. It’s a health practice for the student to imagine a successful test – literally envisioning themselves going slowly and successfully over each question, performing each in a confident, competent manner, and finishing every question calmly, thoroughly, with the least amount of stress as possible. Be alert, sit upright and, if possible, choose a comfortable seat/chair and location. A great deal of the student’s success in taking a test depends on their ability to stay focused, alert and comfortable. Stay relaxed, confident – and keep a positive attitude. Like visualizing success, the student must not let their negative thoughts cause a poor test performance. They should keep reminding themselves they are doing their best, will pass the test with flying colors, and get on with their day. A few deep breaths also help to maintain focus and composure. Read the directions carefully and avoid making errors due to carelessness. Most tests do have a time limit; however, it is more than beneficial when the student reads all directions Have a strategy. Answer questions in a strategic order, depending on the student’s strengths/weaknesses, comfort level, and understanding of the content. The student may want to answer easy questions first, as sort of a warm-up, which may build confidence, then answer questions with the most point value. On objective test questions, eliminate incorrect answers: This works with multiple-choice questions, true-false questions, etc. If possible, make very broad outlines for essays. This helps the student visualize their written answer, serving as a makeshift formula for a response. If time allows, look the test over once more. Rather than turning in their test right after they’re done with it, the student should hold on to their test as long as possible. They should check to make sure they’ve answered every question to the best of their abilities and not made careless, pointless errors, have mismarked answers, and so on. Also, the student may find pertinent, helpful information, or even an answer to a question, at a different part of the test. Three Steps to a Great College Essay

Applying Ethics in Investments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Applying Ethics in Investments - Essay Example mmendation 26 4.1 Conclusion 26 4.1 Recommendation 27 Reference 28 Appendix 1 31 Wright Quality Ratings 31 Appendix B: Company Operations Information 32 Mayne Pharma Group Limited 32 Singapore Telecommunications (SGT) 32 Renaissance Uranium (RNU) 33 List of Tables Table 1: Environmental qualification criteria employed for screening of companies for investment 17 Table 2: Evaluation of environmental credentials 19 Table 3: Evaluation of Corporate Governance Credentials 21 Table 4: Evaluation on the basis of contextual factors 22 Table 5: Evaluation on the basis of financial performance and prospects 25 Tables of Figures Figure 1: Adapted form source: Morningstar, 2011. Equity Research Methodology. [Online] Morningstar (January 27, 2011) Available at: http://news.morningstar.com/pdfs/Equity_Research_Methodology_102308.pdf [Accessed 14 September 2011]. 12 Figure 2: Research process adopted for the study 14 Figure 3: Sub-factors considered under factor financial performance and prospects 27 Section 1: Executive Summary This study was undertaken to choose the most worthy company among three companies namely, Mayne Pharma Limited, Singapore Telecommunications, Renaissance Uranium, with the aim to invest $500,000 on a long-term basis. Four main criteria were considered to evaluate the companies’ performance. These were (1) financial performance and prospects, (2) corporate governance performance, (3) environmental protection credentials, (4) Contextual factors (e.g. legal/political issues, global or regional economic pressures, etc.). An extensive review of existing literatures on the subject was undertaken to identify suitable comparison variables on the basis of which the companies were to be evaluated. A total of 24 sub-criteria criteria were listed under the financial... Four main criteria were considered to evaluate the companies’ performance. These were (1) financial performance and prospects, (2) corporate governance performance, (3) environmental protection credentials, (4) Contextual factors (e.g. legal/political issues, global or regional economic pressures, etc.). An extensive review of existing literatures on the subject was undertaken to identify suitable comparison variables on the basis of which the companies were to be evaluated. A total of 24 sub-criteria criteria were listed under the financial performance and prospects; twelve sub-criteria were identified under corporate governance; seven sub-criteria under environmental protection; while the contextual factors consisted four sub-criteria. On the basis of the four criteria and the variables contained in the sub-criteria, a scoring method was developed and the companies’ performance was compared. The findings revealed that Singapore Telecommunications is most worthy compan y. Accordingly, the company was recommended for long-term investment. As Beal et al (2005) brought out in their paper Why do we invest ethically? Over the last two decades, one particular type of behaviour is the desire to invest ethically† (Beal et al., 2005). The authors add that â€Å"based on traditional finance theory and the ethical investment literature, there are three potential reasons why people may invest some or all of their funds ethically: (1) for superior financial returns; (2) for non-wealth returns; and (3) to contribute to social change (Beal et al., 2005). These motivations also inspired this report and prompted that investing should not only be made for shareholders’ wealth maximisation but also for sustainable development.

Strategic leadership2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic leadership2 - Essay Example 91). This paper will look at the extent Wal-Mart’s failure or success was due to poor or excellent management or to environmental factors. In the business world, price and product are constituents of the 4Ps of marketing. The deliberate pricing of a product or service is an essential part of a process of business building that its significance cannot be over emphasized (Steger 2010, p. 53). This is because the cost of a commodity or service may make or break a business, so it should be carefully examined (Emiliani 2008, p. 71). Wal-Mart have acquired and maintained their leadership position in the sector largely due to their exclusive pricing strategy. Wal-Mart established a distinctive pricing technique that differentiated it from its competitors and gave it a competitive advantage over rivals. Over the last decade, Wal-Mart has developed into the globe’s leading and possibly most commanding retailer with utmost sales and operating earnings of all discount retailers (M ullen & Stumpf 1992, p. 42). The organization owes its growth from regional retailer to international powerhouse chiefly to adequate and changes in management. Wal-Mart has been largely successful in most parts of the world, and this has been attributed to both proper management and environmental factors. In areas where it has failed, for example, Europe and Asia, it has been largely due to environmental factors. Wal-Mart started with the objective of providing clients with the commodities and services they required where and when they needed them (Adair 2003, p. 51). This strategy was referred to as outside-in thinking, where the organization’s philosophy and approach put the interest of the client before the capabilities of the organization (Peng 2008, p. 49). In addition, the management of Wal-Mart under Sam Walton, employed homespun business knowledge and folksy charm with progressive supply-chain and information technology management to establish the globe’s most sufficient retail company (Walton 2009, p. 553). The organization’s management concentrated on establishing cost structures that permitted Wal-Mart to provide low daily pricing. Wal-Mart’s management also focused on creating a more advanced and highly structured management plan to enhance and exploit the competitive advantage it was experiencing. Under the leadership of one of the chief executive officer, Lee Scott, Wal-Mart embraced environmental and social responsibility (Hill 2010, p. 31). As the organization enlarged in its variety of services and goods, for example, health clinics, groceries, financial services, fashion clothing, online prescription drugs, and music downloads, it was compelled to puts the interest of the client before the capacities of the organization (Merritt 2008, p. 63). Therefore, Wal-Mart’s management took this opportunity to utilize the large size with rapid responsiveness and speed towards customers (Sanders 1998, p. 67). Moreover, to offer a wide variety of commodities, Wal-Mart’s senior managers, Bud and Sam started promoting their individual discount store idea. During this period, discount stores were only found in large towns (Bradley 2005, p. 53). Sam Walton argued that if the prices were favourable, Wal-Mart’s discount stores could be of tremendous help for clients in

College Athletes Should Be Paid Essay Example for Free

College Athletes Should Be Paid Essay Tyus Jones was a basketball player at the University of Minnesota who was extremely talented on and off the court. In just his freshman year he won The University Of Minnesota their first national championship in 94 long years. Despite of Tyus’s on court abilities even with a full ride college scholarship Tyus was not able to afford the basic college life needs. To help out with the expenses Tyus got a job at the nearby Burger King, but after two short weeks he was forced to quit because it was impossible to manage school,basketball, and work. Tyus then realized he would have to get some form of help from the school to help him manage his spending. It should be required for all colleges to pay all their Division I athletes enough money for them to support themselves during the season. Tyus was lucky, he was very talented on the court which gave him some legal extra benefits, but some players are not that lucky. Some players have no options but to accept illegal benefits and can be suspended or even fined. Most athletes are so busy with school and their sport that they are not able to work on the side to earn money. Also college are paid millions and millions of dollars by large network companies like Nbc, Fox, and even Espn when the main reason their college is in the spotlight is because of these talented players who get nothing for making everything happen.

Pollution on the Family Farm Threatens the Environment :: Water Polluting Essays Papers

Pollution on the Family Farm When you think of pollution you think of industrial pollution running down a river, or smoke coming out of a factory’s smokestack rising up into the environment. These are all concerns in the world today; however, in this paper will talk about pollution that hits a little closer to home. This paper will discuss about pollution on family run farms in rural America. These pollutions range from private well water contamination to fecal pollution run-off into streams by dairy and beef farms. One of the major concerns in today’s Agricultural system is the use of water, and the short supply of water. A more immediate problem is nitrate contamination in millions of private well around the country. As one can imagine most of these wells are found on private farms around the United States. Nationally 1.4 million households drink water from private wells with nitrate levels that exceed the federal drinking water standard of 10 parts per million (ppm)( Ready, R., & Henken, K.). There is an estimated damage to a household from drinking water from a nitrate contaminated well to be $635 per year, with a total damage of almost $900 million per year to private well owners (Ready, R., & Henken, K.). Over 25% of the water used by households in the United States comes from groundwater. One of the major sources of nitrates in groundwater is caused by agricultural activities, including chemicals applied to crops and waste from livestock production (Ready, R., & Henken, K.). The main problem with livestock waste and chemicals is their tendency to diffuse in water, which means they cannot be easily contained or pinpointed to the source. According to a study by the Great Plains Agricultural Council, agricultural land is the largest contributor of non-point source pollution to natural water resources in the High Plains region and throughout the United States. In this survey they found that Nitrate-N was the most commonly detected agricultural chemical in surface and groundwater (Elrashidi, M., Mays, M., Peaslee, S., & Hooper, D.) Another topic that ties into pollution and threatens water resources is agricultural subsidies provided by the government. A report from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development says that â€Å"Agricultural subsidies threaten land and water resources and create artificial incentives to expand farm production† (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). Pollution on the Family Farm Threatens the Environment :: Water Polluting Essays Papers Pollution on the Family Farm When you think of pollution you think of industrial pollution running down a river, or smoke coming out of a factory’s smokestack rising up into the environment. These are all concerns in the world today; however, in this paper will talk about pollution that hits a little closer to home. This paper will discuss about pollution on family run farms in rural America. These pollutions range from private well water contamination to fecal pollution run-off into streams by dairy and beef farms. One of the major concerns in today’s Agricultural system is the use of water, and the short supply of water. A more immediate problem is nitrate contamination in millions of private well around the country. As one can imagine most of these wells are found on private farms around the United States. Nationally 1.4 million households drink water from private wells with nitrate levels that exceed the federal drinking water standard of 10 parts per million (ppm)( Ready, R., & Henken, K.). There is an estimated damage to a household from drinking water from a nitrate contaminated well to be $635 per year, with a total damage of almost $900 million per year to private well owners (Ready, R., & Henken, K.). Over 25% of the water used by households in the United States comes from groundwater. One of the major sources of nitrates in groundwater is caused by agricultural activities, including chemicals applied to crops and waste from livestock production (Ready, R., & Henken, K.). The main problem with livestock waste and chemicals is their tendency to diffuse in water, which means they cannot be easily contained or pinpointed to the source. According to a study by the Great Plains Agricultural Council, agricultural land is the largest contributor of non-point source pollution to natural water resources in the High Plains region and throughout the United States. In this survey they found that Nitrate-N was the most commonly detected agricultural chemical in surface and groundwater (Elrashidi, M., Mays, M., Peaslee, S., & Hooper, D.) Another topic that ties into pollution and threatens water resources is agricultural subsidies provided by the government. A report from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development says that â€Å"Agricultural subsidies threaten land and water resources and create artificial incentives to expand farm production† (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development).

English Composition Essay

In the aspect of writing English composition, several rules and guidelines must be followed for the aspect of clarity, clearness, and understandability. This grammar rules are established to follow a clear and concise presentation of the ideas and concepts being communicated in each composition. Included in these guidelines and rules is the use of examples and how they are used to promote the main argument in each composition. In the use of examples in the English composition, several approaches are established to guide the use of this strategy for the clearness in the composition. First, is using example in a word or phrase employing short approaches towards the presentation. The second is through sentence-length examples, which are more specific as they employ the idea along with the specific example explaining the said concept. Third is through the use of extended examples, which are commonly to be an entire paragraph for more detailed explanation and presentation. For better composition, most writer use different styles and conjoined different approaches in a single essay for more detailed explanation of the main topic. For example, in the composition of John Head entitled â€Å"The Brutal Business of Boxing†, the author was able to clearly and specifically presents his topic and ideas through the use of both single word or phrase example and sentence-length examples. In most paragraphs, the author mentioned specific words to support his topic and in the others, he used the sentence-length examples, which includes the idea and the specific argument explaining the concept. Through this approach, the author has able to present clearly his main argument and reasons about his opinions towards the brutal nature of boxing explaining why the said act should be condone not as a sport but as an uncivilized fight in the society.

Finance reviewer – midterm

Types of Market 1 . Physical asset markets (also called â€Å"tangible† or â€Å"real† asset markets) vs. Financial asset markets – Physical asset markers are for products such as wheat, autos, real estate etc. Financial asset market deals with stocks, bonds, notes and mortgages. 2. Spot Market vs. Future Markets – Spot markets are markets in which assets are bought or sold on the spot. Future Markets are markets in which participants agree today to buy or sell an asset at some future date. 3.Money markets vs. Capital market – Money markets are short term, highly liquid debt securities. Capital markets are for Intermediate or long term debt and corporate stocks. 4. Primary markets vs. secondary markets – primary are which corporate raise new capital. Secondary, which securities and other financial assets are traded among vectors after they have been issued by corporations. 5. Private vs. Public Markets – Private Markets, which transact ions are worked out directly between 2 parties. Public Markets, which standardized contracts are traded on organized exchanges. CAPITAL MARKET Capital Markets A component of financial markets where long-term borrowing takes place Are arrests for buying and selling equity and debt instruments The Market where investment instruments like bonds and equities are traded (Maturity period) Lasts for more than 1 year and can also include life-time of a company New York Stock Exchange or NYSE is the most popular capital market It channel savings and Investments between suppliers of capital (such as retail Investors and Institutional Investors) and users of capital (Like business, government and Individuals) Suppliers of Capital Markets.

Emma Jane Austen Characters and Plot Essays

Emma Jane Austen Characters and Plot Essays Emma Jane Austen Characters and Plot Paper Emma Jane Austen Characters and Plot Paper Essay Topic: Emma The Sound and the Fury Introduction The first sentence has a taunting gaiety which dares reader to challenge Jane Students view of a heroine ammo no one would Like but myself. Emma Woodlouse, handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition, seemed to unite some of the best blessings of existence; and had lived nearly twenty-one years in the world with very little to distress or vex her. Emma A girl with power and authority, more than enough egotism for the forgivable follies of youth. Enemas wit is so splendid in itself as to make it recommendation enough if en is willing to concede the redemptive quality of humor. Miss Tailors departure Miss Taylor, who has taken the place of Enemas dead mother for eight years, has that day married cheerful Mr. Weston and has left Hartsfield for Randall. Her loss is acutely felt, and Emma and her father sink Into a lugubrious self-pity which they comically decide Is called grief. Mr. Woodlouses weaknesses Miss Tailors departure brings out all Mr. Woodlouses weaknesses HIS Poor Isabella and his Deport MISS Taylor are laughable to begin with, then they become oppressive and unnatural. He is timid and anti-social The sooner every party areas up, the better. He hates all change and demands that life should be like his gruel: warm, coos and innocuous. Although his name is a by-word for condescending thoughtfulness in Highborn, he is really thoroughly selfish; all his kindness tends to enhance his personal comfort and convenience. Mr. Woodlouse has managed to get his own way by recourse to the trivial, and it is in the trivial which Emma evokes to defeat her fathers power. She persuades him that by having Mr. Knightly in the house as her husband he will have protection from the chicken thieves. The strength of Mr. Knightly Mr. Knightly Is the timeless Englishman, modest, unaffected, somewhat Inadequate of speech, just, intelligent but not intellectual, loving rather than lover-like and landed. C]You might not see one in a hundred, with gentleman so plainly written in. Says Emma. He employs patience and tact easily and never with any sense of having to resort to them. Well-balanced but not dull; things are what they are and not what they seem when he is present. Interaction between Emma and Knightly Emma shows herself to be as much at home in his conversation as he is in her house. Owe always say what we like to one another. Emma shows a delayed excitement about the days events. She claims to have brought Miss Taylor and Mr. Weston together, and now she says she intends to match-make for the youthful vicar Mr. Elton, C]a very pretty young man of 27. Mr. Knightly takes exception to marriage- meddling. He knows the world and she does not. She has not been to school. She has never seen the sea. She has not even been to box hill. Such Isolation, social, cultural, and moral, might already have proved disastrous were it not for Mr. Knightly, whose native Intelligence natural good Emma, Harriet and Mr. Elton news eave protected With great precision Austin reveals the reason why Emma would choose Harriers friendship: [Harriet] was a pretty girl, and her beauty happened to be of a sort which Emma particularly admired. She was short, plump and fair, with a fine bloom, blue eyes, light hair, regular features, and a look of great sweetness Enemas temporary destruction of the relationship between Harriet and Robert Martin Emma makes one of her celebrated outbursts of snobbery say, Oh young farmer, whether on horseback or on foot, is the very last person to raise my curiosity. She then goes on to back her stylist to Robert Martin with emotional blackmail. Enemas delusion over Harriet and Mr. Elton At the end of Chapter 4, she begins to push the silly Harriet at the Vicar of Highborn. Emma has not fallen for Mr. Elton, seeing him as Really a very pleasing young man, a young man whom any woman not fastidious might like Emma shows her contempt for Harriet and the vicar. Mr. Knightliest response Mr. Knightly is scathing about Enemas friendship with Harriet. Harriet is The very worst possible sort of companion that Emma can possibly have, she presents Oh delightful inferiority. Mrs. Weston defends Emma forcing Mr. Knightly to say, 01 love to look at her Should like to see Emma in love, and in some doubt of return; it would do her good. The portrait of Harriet Knightly accuses Emma of making Harriet Toto tall, Elton Jumps to her defense. When Elton comments that the portrait captured The naivetà ©Ã‚ © of Miss Smiths manners, Emma, despite her ability to discriminate, allows this remark to pass, even though it is not one of a lover. The artificiality of Elton response is contrasted with the letter from Robert Martin. The proposal of Robert Martin Chapter 7 Emma is thoroughly surprised by the quality of Robert Martins letter of proposal: Lot was short but expressed good sense, warm attachment, liberality, propriety, even delicacy of feeling. It is the disingenuous behavior of Emma that is truly shocking to the reader: It is So good a letter, Harriet, that everything considered, I think one of his sisters must have helped him. Emma has abruptly moved away from the integrity of her personal appraisal of the letter to a state of delusion and self- satisfaction that will damage both Harriet and herself. Emma uses her Little friend s a tool for personal fulfillment and manipulation. Harriet asks Emma for advice, and at first, she responds absolutely correctly The letter had much better be all your own but Emma, with full knowledge of her actions, makes it quite clear that a refusal is the only acceptable option: Ahoy need not be prompted to write with the appearance of sorrow for his disappointment. At no point had Harriet expressed anything but doubt, yet Emma is grossly dishonest: Thought to refuse him! . Are you in any doubt as to that? Negative answer of Harriet gratifies Emma, allowing her to come even more deceitful and selfish. Emma claims to be sensitive: Awhile you were in suspense I kept my feelings to myself, but sensing that Harriet is still not completely sure, produces a piece of absolute blackmail: It would have grieved me to lose your coalescence, wanly must nave Eden ten consequence AT your marrying Martin. Emma ruthlessly attacks the education and honor of Mr. Martin: Dear affectionate creature! You banished to Abbey-Mill Farm! You confined to the society of the illiterate and vulgar all your life! I wonder how the young man could have the assurance to ask it. He must have a pretty good opinion of himself. Not only is Odder affectionate creature the best compliment she can give to Harriet, but for Emma to accuse Mr. Martin of having a Property good opinion of himself is simply breath-taking. Knightliest response Chapter 8 Emma and George Knightly quarrel over Harriers refusal of Mr. Martins marriage proposal. Although the reader senses that Emma is arguing with an unsound case, she shows tremendous poise and refuses to be overwhelmed by the masculine and powerful magistrate, Mr. Knightly. Knightly is a true match for Emma and wrought this argument, she is almost constantly defending. His experience comes to the fore as he sifts Enemas words to find the true, shocking meaning: Ahoy saw her answer! You wrote her answer too. his sharpness is tremendously powerful Once again, he catches Emma out: Not Harriers equal! No he is not her equal indeed, for he is as much her superior in sense as in situation. His speech gathers momentum as he becomes more determined to prove the worth of Mr. Martin. Lowers Harriet to material virtues: She is pretty, and she is good tempered, and that is all. Whilst Mr. Knightly has referred to the relative virtues of the two, Emma refers to their social standing: That! Think a farmer a good match for my intimate friend! Martin may be the richer of the two, but he is undoubtedly her inferior as to rank in society. It would be a degradation. Knightly replies with pure passion and a wonderful sense of true social class and value: A degradation to illegitimacy and ignorance, to be married to a respectable, intelligent gentleman-farmer! Knightly informs Emma bluntly that Elton is not the man for Harriet. Knightly does, however, how that his Judgment is not infallible: Depend upon it, Elton will not do. Elton is a very good sort of man, and a very respectable vicar of Highborn, but not at all likely to make an imprudent match. He is right to emphasis Elton infatuation with Oh good income but as the reader will see, Knightly later admits that Harriet would have been a greater match than the future Mrs. Elton. Although Knightliest judgments on Harriet are correct, Austin is careful to leave slight imperfections that can be corrected through the novel Knightly goes through a learning process. The evaluation: Elton proposal to Emma The evening before the Christmas Eve Dinner, Elton is hoping to be greeted by Emma with words of affection, the words of a lover. Emma also begins to have suspicions: Well, this is most strange! After I had got him off so well, to cause to go into company, and leave Harriet ill behind! Emma is greatly surprised by Elton desire to Iodine out rather than spend time worrying about Harriers sore throat. Following the dinner party, Emma with some disquiet, finds herself in the same carriage as. They are imprisoned in a swaying carriage after a party and as Breadroot says, The tall Transnational Is Intensities Day ten Tact Tanat teen cannot escape Trot can toners company. The claustrophobia natural and inevitable in provincial society, here reaches its climax. The fury of the proud pair builds up in the confined space. The drama, economy and precision of this passage is superb: 01 am very much astonished Mr. Elton. This to me! You forget yourself you take me for your friend any message to Miss Smith I shall be happy to deliver; but no more of this to me, if you please. Miss Smith! Message to Miss Smith! What could she possibly mean! The comedy is also wonderful, as Enemas delusion confronts Elton sudden courage. The result of this mutual discovery is disastrous for both. Emma is highly embarrassed over her deception of Harriet, whilst Elton is shocked to believe that Emma would place him on the level of Harriet Smith. Emma comforts Harriet who tearfully gives up all ho pe of the vicarage and its yellow curtains. Jane Fairfax and Frank Churchill After Christmas Frank fails to arrive because he Cannot be spared by his aunt. Miss Bates Spring is ushered in by the startling chatter of Miss Bates, Oh great talker on little taters. The comic outpourings of Miss Bates are a symptom of frustration. Her sensitivity is acute and Frank Churchill says that She is a woman that one may, that one must laugh at, but one that one would not wish to slight. The arrival of Jane Fairfax Jane has been brought up by a Colonel and Mrs. Campbell as a companion to their own daughter. Unlike Emma she has been properly educated. She is elegant and clever Mr. Knightly says Emma dislikes her because she is That she wanted to be thought herself. Jane Fairfax: the intellectual recluse whose presence makes everybody feel inadequate and guilty. She is defenseless against the noisy, the inquisitive, the gossip, the mediocre; and her utter inability to cope with vulgarity is demonstrated by the way she falls victim to Mrs. Elton. Everything she does offends the cults of English provincialism and amateurism piano playing Her arrival in Highborn at the very moment when the whole place is keyed-up to welcome Frank Churchill That perfect novelty, is anti-climactic. Emma cannot find a reason for her visit so she invests one: Colonel Campbell son-in-law has fallen in love with her he has not accompanied the Campbell on a visit to Ireland for fear she might break up the marriage. The truth is more sensational, though Emma is the last to suspect it She is turned against Jane when there is a cool refusal to supply answers to what Emma believes are entirely reasonable questions about Frank. She Could not forgive her. Frank Churchill and Jane Fairfax (became engaged at Wentworth the previous October). Their situations have much in common. They are each the victim of the transformation process and beneath there adopted cultures there is a wistful desire o return to their original identity. Frank is frightened by his Aunt, a powerful, possessive woman who has married into a distinguished family and Out Churchill them all. Having taken a step which takes him out of her power he shrinks from telling her the lesser truth is adequate when the whole truth is not expedient. For Jane it is the opposite; her culture rests on truth seen as an absolute, as it must. Her love Tort Frank seduces near Into a snort-term suspension AT truth n tens strikes at ten roots of her self-respect. Jane is miserable she is led into almost total inaction for ear of making a mistake. Enemas vision of Franks perfection is shattered by his going to London to get his hair cut Mr. Knightly receives the news with grim satisfaction but Emma says to herself, Shadowiness is always wickedness, but folly is not always folly . The arrival of the piano the reaction of Emma and Knightly A few days later Highborn learns that Jane Fairfax has received a Broadsword piano. Only Knightly recognizes gift as a thoughtless cruelty; everybody else praises donors generosity. Mr. Knightliest new and fear of the handsome Highborn intruder is now acute. Breadroot: Twit in Emma and silence in Mr. Knightly are the means by which they escape the emotional involvement with each other which would otherwise naturally develop. The departure of Frank and the arrival of Mrs. Elton Frank is called back to Yorkshire, and a stupendous void is created to accommodate the equally stupendous arrival of Mr. Elton bride. Mrs. Elton is satisfyingly detestable; her every movement and speech are a vindication of Highboys Jealous safe-guarding of social standards Her conversation is loud, assured and wrong. The reader is rocked by her audacious vulgarity. Her odiousness springs from lack of nullity, a ruthless bypassing of the civilizing processes. Under the cover of her impertinence Jane Austin distributes the clues of the intrigue. The climax of the novel: The ball to Box Hill The Crown Inn, Donnelly Abbey and Box Hill and the revelation Plot culminates in a series of encounters which take place in and around three elaborate conversation- pieces, the ball at the Crown Inn, a strawberry party at Donnelly Abbey and a trip to Box Hill. The Donnelly party is all order and harmony; even Mrs. Elton is comically Contained by it, and Frank Churchill is sadly reduced by the atmosphere of romance in which the useful and beautiful have become invisible. Box Hill picnic, in disturbing contrast, finds society split torn within itself factions and groupings. All the tensions of the novel have been building up to Box Hill Although she knows her actions with Frank could easily be referred to as Flirtation, She still intended him for her friend she acknowledges that she does not love Frank. The reader also sense that Frank is hiding behind this Flirtation. Frank Churchill, however, must know that this Flirtation shall hurt Jane Fairfax. In response to Franks desire for a antennas to his games, Miss Bates offers herself in good humor but receives in return an insult from Emma: oh! Very well, exclaimed Miss Bates, Then I need not be uneasy. Three things very dull indeed That will Just do for me, you know. I shall be sure to say three dull things as soon as ever I open my mouth, shant R Ooh! Maam, but there may be a difficulty. Pardon me but you will be limited as to number only three at once. Miss Bates, deceived by the mock ceremony of her manner, did not immediately catch her meaning; but, when it burst on her, it could to anger, though a slight blush showed that it could pain her. How attractive Miss Bates is in the way she takes it- her attempts to keep peace Knightly is so ironic: in response to Mr. Weston encouraging rehire (MA): protection snouts not nave come quite so soon. Knightly is unaccustomed to rebuke Emma in public. V s.. Jane Fairfax Frank Churchill DHOW many a man has committed himself on a short acquaintance, and rued it all the rest of his life! This delivers the most intense pain to Jane, for they met at Wentworth last October. It is also an attack on the Elton, having become engaged at Bath. Canes reply awful underground stage in the relationship: OH hasty and imprudent attachment may arise but there is generally time to recover from it afterwards. She speaks bitterly she has been hurt terribly by Frank Churchill In response, Churchill gives Emma a Commission: She must be lively, and have hazel eyes. This further attack on Jane is seen by Emma as a chance to set him up with Harriet Knightly Vs.. Emma Knightly rebukes Emma for her cruelty to Miss Bates: DHOW could you be so unfeeling to Miss Bates? How could you be so insolent in your wit to a woman of her character, age and situation? Emma, I had not thought it possible. His dignity and honor he takes on a great responsibility The ironic side to Emma: 01 dare say she did not understand me. Knightliest response is firm and direct: 01 assure you she did. He places her in the carriage without a final word from her: Oho had misinterpreted the feelings which had kept her face averted, and her tongue motionless. He most wonderful insight into Enemas self accusation and compunction with analysis of situation: Momma felt the tears running down her cheeks almost all the way home, Harriers delusion and Enemas delight Harriet and Mr. Knightly With Robert Martin out of bounds and Mr. Elton out of the running, Harriet drifts through somewhat at a loss. Only one person has recognized her essential solitude Mr. Knightly. His thoughtfu lness and his guardian-like concern for her welfare are entirely misunderstood by Harriet. She naively unburdens herself to Emma, supporting her supposition that Mr. Knightly loves her with Enemas own words, Matches of greater disparity had taken place . Enemas conduct is superb, at last her true feelings are thrust upon her in all its splendor. Lot darted through her, with he speed of an arrow, that Mr. Knightly must marry no one but herself! Mr. Knightliest proposal Just as Knightly is to reveal his heart, Emma attempts to take pressure off him, presuming his love is for Harriet: Ads a friend, you may command me. to take the pressure off him (in love with Harriet). He thinks it is because she is in love with Frank Churchill. Through Knightliest eyes, Jane Austin takes us to the heart of this intense moment: tell me, then, have I no chance of ever succeeding? He stopped in his earnestness to look the question, and the expression of his eyes overpowered her. The comedy: She could really say nothing She can not say anything because she is so surprised Oho cried with great animation he thinks the silence is a good sign. Oho soon resumed; and in a tone of sincere, decided, intelligible tenderness as was tolerably convincing. Elf I loved you less, I might be able to talk about it more. Irony, Walt, Duress Ana satire, all are Swansea at tens moment. I nave Llama you, Ana lectured you, and you have borne it as no other woman in England would have borne He cant go as far as the ideal of human emotion. Mr. Knightly knows he is dull. He isnt Jane Students perfect hero has some of the loyalties Life needs Churchill, Mass, Fairfax as well as Knightliest The thoughtful and restrained Jane and Knightly compared with the entertaining and lively Frank Churchill and Emma. Life is Joyous, comic, painful she respects them all Jane Austin and the human comedy the tangle of life the most wonderful part of life is its spontaneity the Joy of life is often expressed in ways that the taught formalities cannot approach. At the climax of emotion, when Emma is about to make her response, Jane Austin teases the reader: That did she say? Just what she ought, of course. Jane Students reticence shows a tact and aspect for the emotion of the moment. At the very end of the chapter, the reader sees the full irony and comedy of Jane Austin. Knightliest response to the spontaneity and unpredictability of life The resolutions Frank Churchill writes an absurdly long letter to Mrs. Weston in which his enjoyment of literary flourishes and fine phrases tends to overshadow his contrition for having caused so much trouble in Highborn. The letter is also a clarification of such clues as are left of the intrigue. The letter mixes the smooth personable young man and the worthy young man who is ashamed of the hurt he has caused. Harriers origins are discovered to be low enough to make her engagement to Robert Martin, with whom she has been reunited at Styles Amphitheatre. The final revenge is saved for Mr. Elton, who has to officiate at Enemas wedding, on which Mrs. Elton has the last word Every little white satin, very few lace veils; a most pitiful business! The bedroom doors of the Vicarage, Abbey-Mill farm and Hartsfield are politely but firmly closed in our face. The marriage ordeal is the most private thing on earth. Only one intense intimacy is revealed Emma will never call Mr. Knightly George.

Hoi Polloi

Hoi Polloi Hoi Polloi Hoi Polloi By Maeve Maddox A reader has asked me to write about the word hoi polloi: I get so tired of intelligent people using this to mean the exact opposite. Hoi polloi is an English word that derives from a Greek phrase meaning â€Å"the many† or â€Å"the majority [of citizens].† Its English meaning is â€Å"the masses† or â€Å"the general public.† It’s often used in the pejorative sense of â€Å"the vulgar, unthinking masses.† The error the reader has in mind is the spreading tendency of many speakers (including intelligent ones) to use hoi polloi as if it means, â€Å"the social elite† or â€Å"influential rich people.† For example, So it’s official: Hollywood’s hoi polloi (e.g. Miramax movie mogul Harvey Weinstein) are coming out against firearms ownership and swearing off movies that rely heavily on gunplay. As Harvey Weinstein has a net worth of $200 million, the writer apparently believes that hoi polloi means â€Å"influential rich people.† In ancient Greek, hoi polloi meant â€Å"the many.† Its complementary term was hoi oligoi, â€Å"the few.† The term reflected a fact of social and political division. From the Greek word oligoi, we get the English word oligarchy, â€Å"government by a small group of people.† Classical scholar John Dryden introduced the expression into English in 1668. For him, the hoi polloi were people who lacked literary discernment. The expression quickly became a useful way for speakers to distinguish â€Å"Us† from â€Å"Them.† Because â€Å"Us† is always more educated and informed than â€Å"Them,† hoi polloi came to mean â€Å"the uneducated majority† or â€Å"the great unwashed, vulgar, unthinking public.† Nowadays, although political power still belongs to the hoi oligoi, the hoi polloi are better educated than they were in Dryden’s time, and they don’t like being called hoi polloi. They also possess a power that earlier generations lacked: the power to redefine words. One factor contributing to the association of hoi polloi with â€Å"snooty rich people† could be the similarity with â€Å"hoity toity,† an expression that conveys contempt for someone seen as â€Å"putting on airs.† The two expressions are often juxtaposed for humorous effect, as in the title of the Roseanne episode called â€Å"Hoi Polloi Meets Hoiti Toiti† (Roseanne, Season 9, Episode 8). In this episode, Roseanne and her family visit â€Å"uppity-high-society people† on Martha’s Vineyard. Although wealthier and more refined in manners and speech than the Conners, the wealthy Wentworths are clearly their moral inferiors. Note: Roseanne is a television comedy series featuring a working class family, the Conners, who are portrayed as being vulgar in speech and manners, but morally superior to better-educated, more affluent characters they encounter. Another factor contributing to the shift in meaning of hoi polloi may be that the referent is not always clear from context. For example, in a Three Stooges episode called â€Å"Hoi Polloi,† a well-dressed man bets a colleague that he can take a man from â€Å"the lowest strata of society† and turn him into a gentleman. He experiments with the Stooges. He fails to civilize them, but the fancy people descend to the Stooges’ brutish behavior. At episode end, Moe looks disdainfully at the crowd of elegantly dressed men and women who are slapping, punching, and gouging one another and says, â€Å"This is our punishment for associating with the hoi polloi.† New meanings of hoi polloi include, â€Å"people who are not like us,† â€Å"people we don’t like,† and simply, â€Å"people who don’t know what we know.† For example, in a forum for equestrians, a member referred to people who are ignorant of the rules of dressage as â€Å"the hoi polloi.† The definition of hoi polloi in The Urban Dictionary indicates the aversion in which this word is held: hoi polloi: A stupid term used by pseudo intellectuals with unjustified superiority complexes. Many bloggers ridicule speakers who precede hoi polloi with the definite article: Clearly Lois is using words though ignorant of their meaning. â€Å"Hoi† is the definite article, meaning â€Å"the†. When the uneducated Lois says â€Å"the hoi polloi† she is saying â€Å"the the many†. She makes a fool of herself on many levels. Dryden knew that â€Å"hoi† means â€Å"the† in Greek. He even wrote the expression in Greek letters, confident that his target audience could read it. However, because he was using the word in an English sentence, he introduced it with the English definite article: â€Å"If by the people you understand the multitude, the ÃŽ ¿Ã¡ ¼ ± πΠ¿ÃŽ »ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿Ã¡ ½ ¶.† Suggesting that English speakers who say â€Å"the hoi polloi† are â€Å"ignorant† may bathe critics in feelings of superiority, but the criticism is itself a sign of absurd pedantry and, dare I say, ignorance of how language works. Many English words incorporate a foreign element that means the without raising questions of tautology. For example, the al in algebra, alchemist, and Alcatraz â€Å"mean† the in Arabic. No one suggests that writing â€Å"the alchemist† is the same thing as writing â€Å"the the chemist.† As far as I know, no one ridicules people who refer to the La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles for â€Å"really† saying â€Å"the the tar tar pits.† (La and Brea are Spanish for the and tar.) Hoi polloi is an English word in transition. English speakers will determine whether the word retains the meaning of â€Å"the masses,† morphs into a term for â€Å"snooty rich people,† or falls to the wayside along with other words that usage has voted out as being culturally offensive. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"Confusing "Passed" with "Past"How to Style Legislative Terms